We will discuss the many definitions and historical contexts of transnational organized crime. Theoretical definitions of organized crime are as equally versatile as the practical appearances of criminal organizations in different corners of the world. Just like states, international organizations and business enterprises have transformed over time, the same being true for criminal organizations and criminal activities. Definitions are shaped by local-public perception, legal-policy measures, academic paradigms or methodological currents that come and go in expert studies. Instead of narrowing the concept further down or tying it to an understanding either as subject (organization) or object (criminal offense), we challenge transnational organized crime as an overarching strategic social relation.
• Albanese, J.S. & Reichel, P. (2014) Transnational Organized Crime: An Overview from Six Continents. SAGE: Los Angeles
• Hagan, F. E. (2006). "Organized crime" and "organized crime": Indeterminate Problems of Definition. Trends in Organized Crime, 9 (4), 127-137.
• McIllwain, J. S. (1999). Organized Crime: A social network approach. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32 (4), 301-323.
• Paoli, L. (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. Oxford University Press: New York
• Paoli, L., & Vander Beken, T. (2014). Organized Crime: A contested concept. In L. Paoli (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of organized crime (13-31). Oxford University Press: Oxford
• von Lampe, K. (2016). Organized crime: analyzing illegal activities, criminal structures and extra-legal governance. Sage: Los Angeles
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